What we say/recite in Salah?

Takbeer

اللهُ أَكْبَـر

Allahu Akbar

Allah is the Greatest

Supplication at the start of the prayer (after takbeer)

للّهُـمَّ باعِـدْ بَيـني وَبَيْنَ خَطـايايَ كَما باعَدْتَ بَيْنَ المَشْرِقِ وَالمَغْرِبْ ، اللّهُـمَّ نَقِّنـي مِنْ خَطايايَ كَمـا يُـنَقَّى الثَّـوْبُ الأَبْيَضُ مِنَ الدَّنَسْ ، اللّهُـمَّ اغْسِلْنـي مِنْ خَطايـايَ بِالثَّلـجِ وَالمـاءِ وَالْبَرَدْ .

​Allahumma baAAid baynee wabayna khatayaya kama baAAadta baynal-mashriqi walmaghrib, allahumma naqqinee min khatayaya kama yunaqqath-thawbul-abyadu minad-danas, allahummagh-silnee min khatayaya biththalji walma/i walbarad.

​O Allah, distance me from my sins just as You have distanced The East from The West, O Allah, purify me of my sins as a white robe is purified of filth, O Allah, cleanse me of my sins with snow, water, and ice.

Or

​سُبْـحانَكَ اللّهُـمَّ وَبِحَمْـدِكَ وَتَبارَكَ اسْمُـكَ وَتَعـالى جَـدُّكَ وَلا إِلهَ غَيْرُك .

​Subhanakal-lahumma wabihamdika watabarakas-muka wataAAala jadduka wala ilaha ghayruk.

​How perfect You are O Allah, and I praise You.  Blessed be Your name, and lofty is Your position and none has the right to be worshipped except You

​Seeking Allah's protection

 أَعوذُ باللهِ مِنَ الشّيْـطانِ الرَّجـيم

Aoudou billahi mina a'shaytan alrajeem

I seek Allah's protection from the accursed Shaytan

AlFatiha (followed by another surah)

بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ (١) 

ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (٢) ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ (٣) مَـٰلِكِ يَوۡمِ ٱلدِّينِ (٤) إِيَّاكَ نَعۡبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسۡتَعِينُ (٥)ٱهۡدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٲطَ ٱلۡمُسۡتَقِيمَ (٦) صِرَٲطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنۡعَمۡتَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ غَيۡرِ ٱلۡمَغۡضُوبِ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ (٧)

1. Bismillaahir Rahmaanir Raheem
2. Alhamdu lillaahi Rabbil 'aalameen
3. Ar-Rahmaanir-Raheem
4. Maaliki Yawmid-Deen
5. Iyyaaka na'budu wa lyyaaka nasta'een
6. Ihdinas-Siraatal-Mustaqeem
7. Siraatal-lazeena an'amta 'alaihim ghayril-maghdoobi 'alaihim wa lad-daaalleen

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful (1) 
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, (2) The Beneficent, the Merciful. (3) Owner of the Day of Judgment, (4)​ Thee (alone) we worship; Thee (alone) we ask for help. (5) Show us the straight path, (6) The path of those whom Thou hast favoured. Not (the path) of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray. (7)

While bowing in prayer (rukooAA)
​

سُبْـحانَ رَبِّـيَ الْعَظـيم . (ثلاثاً)

​Subhana rabbiyal-AAatheem (three times)

Glory to my Lord the Supreme.’(three times)

Upon rising from the bowing posision

​سَمِـعَ اللهُ لِمَـنْ حَمِـدَه 
​

​رَبَّنـا وَلَكَ الحَمْـدُ حَمْـداً كَثـيراً طَيِّـباً مُـبارَكاً فيه .

​SamiAAal-lahu liman hamidah

​Rabbana walakal-hamdu hamdan katheeran tayyiban mubarakan feeh

Allah has heard who praises Him.’

​Our Lord, for You is all praise, an abundant beautiful blessed praise

Supplication whilst prostrating (sujood)

سُبْـحانَ رَبِّـيَ الأَعْلـى . (ثلاثاً )

​Subhana rabbiyal-aAAla. (three times)

Glory to my Lord the Most High.’(three times)

Supplication between the two prostrations

رَبِّ اغْفِـرْ لي  ، رَبِّ اغْفِـرْ لي

Rabbigh-fir lee, rabbigh-fir lee

​My Lord forgive me, My Lord forgive me

Tashahhud

التَّحِيّـاتُ للهِ وَالصَّلَـواتُ والطَّيِّـبات ، السَّلامُ عَلَيـكَ  أَيُّهـا النَّبِـيُّ  وَرَحْمَـةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكـاتُه ، السَّلامُ عَلَيْـنا وَعَلـى عِبـادِ كَ الصَّـالِحـين . أَشْـهَدُ أَنْ لا إِلـهَ إِلاّ الله ، وَأَشْـهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمّـداً عَبْـدُهُ وَرَسـولُه ​

​Attahiyyatu lillahi wassalawatu wattayyibat, assalamu AAalayka ayyuhan-nabiyyu warahmatul-lahi wabarakatuh, assalamu AAalayna waAAala AAibadil-lahis-saliheen. Ash-hadu an la ilaha illal-lah, wa-ashhadu anna Muhammadan AAabduhu warasooluh.

​At-tahiyyat is for Allah. All acts of worship and good deeds are for Him.  Peace and the mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you O Prophet.  Peace be upon us and all of Allah’s righteous servants. I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.’
At-tahiyyat: all words which indicate the glorification of Allah.  His eternal existence, His perfection and His sovereignty.

Prayers upon the Prophet (PBUH) after the tashahhud

​اللّهُـمَّ صَلِّ عَلـى مُحمَّـد، وَعَلـى آلِ مُحمَّد، كَمـا صَلَّيـتَ عَلـىإبْراهـيمَ وَعَلـى آلِ إبْراهـيم، إِنَّكَ حَمـيدٌ مَجـيد ، اللّهُـمَّ بارِكْ عَلـى مُحمَّـد، وَعَلـى آلِ مُحمَّـد،  كَمـا بارِكْتَ عَلـىإبْراهـيمَ وَعَلـى آلِ إبْراهيم، إِنَّكَ حَمـيدٌ مَجـيد

Allahumma salli AAala Muhammad, wa-AAala ali Muhammad, kama sallayta AAala Ibraheema wa-AAala ali Ibraheem, innaka Hameedun Majeed, allahumma barik AAala  Muhammad, wa-AAala ali Muhammad, kama barakta AAala Ibraheema wa-AAala ali Ibraheem, innaka Hameedun Majeed

O Allah, send prayers upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as You sent prayers upon Ibraheem and upon the ffamily of Ibraheem.  Verily, You are full of praise and majesty. O Allah, send blessings upon Mohammad and upon the family of Muhammad, just as You sent blessings upon Ibraheem and upon the family of Ibraheem.  Verily, You are full of praise and majesty.’

Supplication said after the last tashahhud and before salam

اللّهُـمَّ إِنِّـي أَعـوذُ بِكَ مِـنْ عَذابِ القَـبْر، وَمِـنْ عَذابِ جَهَـنَّم، وَمِـنْ فِتْـنَةِ  المَحْـيا وَالمَمـات، وَمِـنْ شَـرِّ فِتْـنَةِ  المَسيحِ الدَّجّال ​

Allahumma innee aAAoothu bika min AAathabil-qabr, wamin AAathabi jahannam, wamin fitnatil-mahya walmamat, wamin shari fitnatil-maseehid-dajjal

​O Allah, I take refuge in You from the punishment of the grave, from the torment of the Fire, from the trials and tribulations of life and death and from the evil affliction of Al-Maseeh Ad-Dajjal

اللّهُـمَّ إِنِّـي ظَلَـمْتُ نَفْسـي ظُلْمـاً كَثـيراً وَلا يَغْـفِرُ الذُّنـوبَ إِلاّ أَنْت ، فَاغْـفِر لي مَغْـفِرَةً مِنْ عِنْـدِك وَارْحَمْـني، إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الغَـفورُ الرَّحـيم

​Allahumma innee thalamtu nafsee thulman katheeran wala yaghfiruth-thunooba illa ant, faghfir lee maghfiratan min AAindik warhamnee, innaka antal-Ghafoorur-Raheem

​O Allah, I have indeed oppressed my soul excessively and none can forgive sin except You, so forgive me a forgiveness from Yourself and have mercy upon me.  Surely, You are The Most-Forgiving, The Most-Merciful